Foundational Neuroscience Psych Treatment Discussion

Foundational Neuroscience Psych Treatment Discussion

Foundational Neuroscience Psych Treatment Discussion

Question Description
I’m working on a Nursing question and need guidance to help me study.

Please Respond to

Mary Buck

Week 2 Discussion: Foundational Neuroscience

COLLAPSE

Week 2 Discussion Main Post

Agonist-to-Antagonist

When a drug works as an agonist, it binds to the receptors and copies the body’s molecules (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2020). This increases the effects of the neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic neuron of a cell (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2020). Lorazepam, a benzodiazepine, acts as an agonist at the specific receptor and assists the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (Kowalski et al., 2017). An antagonist is a drug with an affinity for a particular receptor site but does not have intrinsic activity (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2020). Antagonists have no effect by themselves on receptor function. However, just because they do not cause activation, they still produce pharmacologic effects. Antagonists cause effects by preventing the activation of the receptors (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2020). Keep in mind, the response to an antagonist is determined by the amount of the agonist present. Flumazenil is a benzodiazepine antagonist(Kowalski et al., 2017). Nothing happens unless a benzodiazepine is present. When a benzodiazepine is present, flumazenil reverses the activity and returns the cell’s ion channel to its resting state and why it is used in benzodiazepine overdose (Kowalski et al., 2017). Agonists can also be partial agonists which only have moderate intrinsic activity. This results in the maximum effect of a partial agonist are less than that of a full agonist, as one would expect (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2020). Partial agonists can sometimes act as antagonists and are sometimes referred to as agonist-antagonists(Rosenthal & Burchum, 2020). Buspirone is a partial agonist on serotonin 1a receptors (Kowalski et al., 2017). An inverse agonist has the opposite effect of an agonist and depends on the receptor continuing to fire in the absence of an agonist (Kowalski et al., 2017). Kowalski et al. (2017) state that if an agonist opens a channel, an inverse agonist will close it. Naloxone is an example of an inverse agonist (Kowalski et al., 2017).

G Coupled Proteins and Ion Gated Channels

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) are the largest class of membrane protein receptors. GCPRs share a common architecture and sense molecules outside the cell and activate signal transduction inside the cell, which produced a cellular response (Alexander et al., 2019). They are made up of receptors for hormones such as calcitonin and neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine (Alexander et al., 2019). They are the frequent target of medication. Ion gated channels regulate cellular excitability (McCance & Huether, 2019). They contain calcium, sodium, and potassium channels, which open and close depending on the action of the neurotransmitter, drug, or hormone (McCance & Huether, 2019).

Both GPCRs and ion gated channels are present in the plasma membrane and are essential in intracellular signaling. The most significant difference between the two is the amount of time it takes to produce the action onset (Stahl, 2013). Ion channel medications cause the ion to attach to the receptor triggering the ions’ movement, causing an immediate reaction to the drug (Stahl, 2013). GCPR medications cause a chemical to bind to the receptor triggering changes altering which genes are expressed and which proteins are created (Stahl, 2013). This type of response occurs over time and have a more prolonged onset of action (Stahl, 2013).

Epigenetics

While epigenetics has various meanings, the overall idea is that gene function can be changed by an individual’s behavior and environment (CDC, 2020). Unlike genetic changes, epigenetic changes are reversible and do not affect the DNA sequence directly. However, they can change how your body reads a sequence of DNA (CDC, 2020). Genetic changes alter how a protein is made, epigenetics change on/off switch of the way genes are expressed. Medications are one-way switch gets flipped or not (CDC, 2020). Changes caused by medications do not affect the receptor alone but can cause a widespread response to regulate the genes (CDC, 2020).

Impact

As healthcare providers, it is crucial to understand how a medication will affect the patient. There are many medications prescribed to treat psychiatric disorders—however, only a few sites of action where a drug triggers a reaction in the brain. The advanced practice nurse must have a strong knowledge of neuroscience, which will provide a clearer understanding of psychiatric disorders, the medication used to treat the disease, and the expected clinical outcomes.

References

Alexander, S. H., Christopoulos, A., Davenport, A. P., Kelly, E., Mathie, A., Peters, J. A., Veale, E. L., Armstrong, J. F., Faccenda, E., Harding, S. D., Pawson, A. J., Sharman, J. L., Southan, C., Davies, J. A., Abbracchio, M. P., Alexander, W., Al-hosaini, K., Bäck, M., Beaulieu, J.,…Yao, C. (2019). The concise guide to pharmacology 2019/20: G protein‐coupled receptors. British Journal of Pharmacology, 176(S1). Retrieved December 6, 2020, from https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.14748

CDC. (2020, December 7). What is epigenetics? cdc.gov. Retrieved December 7, 2020, from https://www.cdc.gov/genomics/disease/epigenetics.htm

Deichmann, U. (2016). Epigenetics: The origins and evolution of a fashionable topic. Developmental Biology, 416(1), 249–254. Retrieved December 7, 2020, from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.005

Kowalski, P. C., Dowben, J. S., & Keltner, N. L. (2017). My dad can beat your dad: Agonists, antagonists, partial agonists, and inverse agonists. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 53(2), 76–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12208

Rosenthal, L. D., & Burchum, J. (2020). Lehne’s pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice nurses and physician assistants (2nd ed.). Saunders.

Stahl, S. M. (2013). Stahl’s essential’s psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical applications (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Stern, T. A., Fava, M., Wilens, T. E., & Rosenbaum, J. F. (2016). Massachusetts general hospital: Psychopharmacology and neurotherapeutics (1st ed.). Elsevier.

REPLY QUOTE EMAIL AUTHOR

You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer’s spell-checker and grammar-checker; failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized. Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes.

Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages.

Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at “padding” to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor.

The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument.

ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CLASS

Discussion Questions (DQ)

Initial responses to the DQ should address all components of the questions asked, include a minimum of one scholarly source, and be at least 250 words.
Successful responses are substantive (i.e., add something new to the discussion, engage others in the discussion, well-developed idea) and include at least one scholarly source.
One or two sentence responses, simple statements of agreement or “good post,” and responses that are off-topic will not count as substantive. Substantive responses should be at least 150 words.
I encourage you to incorporate the readings from the week (as applicable) into your responses.
Weekly Participation

Your initial responses to the mandatory DQ do not count toward participation and are graded separately.
In addition to the DQ responses, you must post at least one reply to peers (or me) on three separate days, for a total of three replies.
Participation posts do not require a scholarly source/citation (unless you cite someone else’s work).
Part of your weekly participation includes viewing the weekly announcement and attesting to watching it in the comments. These announcements are made to ensure you understand everything that is due during the week.
APA Format and Writing Quality

Familiarize yourself with APA format and practice using it correctly. It is used for most writing assignments for your degree. Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for APA paper templates, citation examples, tips, etc. Points will be deducted for poor use of APA format or absence of APA format (if required).
Cite all sources of information! When in doubt, cite the source. Paraphrasing also requires a citation.
I highly recommend using the APA Publication Manual, 6th edition.
Use of Direct Quotes

I discourage overutilization of direct quotes in DQs and assignments at the Masters’ level and deduct points accordingly.
As Masters’ level students, it is important that you be able to critically analyze and interpret information from journal articles and other resources. Simply restating someone else’s words does not demonstrate an understanding of the content or critical analysis of the content.
It is best to paraphrase content and cite your source.
LopesWrite Policy

For assignments that need to be submitted to LopesWrite, please be sure you have received your report and Similarity Index (SI) percentage BEFORE you do a “final submit” to me.
Once you have received your report, please review it. This report will show you grammatical, punctuation, and spelling errors that can easily be fixed. Take the extra few minutes to review instead of getting counted off for these mistakes.
Review your similarities. Did you forget to cite something? Did you not paraphrase well enough? Is your paper made up of someone else’s thoughts more than your own?
Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for tips on improving your paper and SI score.
Late Policy

The university’s policy on late assignments is 10% penalty PER DAY LATE. This also applies to late DQ replies.
Please communicate with me if you anticipate having to submit an assignment late. I am happy to be flexible, with advance notice. We may be able to work out an extension based on extenuating circumstances.
If you do not communicate with me before submitting an assignment late, the GCU late policy will be in effect.
I do not accept assignments that are two or more weeks late unless we have worked out an extension.
As per policy, no assignments are accepted after the last day of class. Any assignment submitted after midnight on the last day of class will not be accepted for grading.
Communication

Communication is so very important. There are multiple ways to communicate with me:
Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class.
Individual Forum: This is a private forum to ask me questions or send me messages. This will be checked at least once every 24 hours.